There’s one question and three beliefs that have my attention right now. The question is, Are we capable of doing anything good? The first belief is that undeniably, all people act out of self-interest. The second belief says that we always act in order to either achieve pleasure or avoid pain. The third belief says (in response to the first) that not all people do act out of self-interest, but everyone should.
I’d say they’re nearly right (unfortunately).
Let’s take the first one. The belief that everyone acts out of self-interest is called Psychological Egoism. Self-interest is the regard for one’s own interest or advantage, especially with disregard for others. Nothing I do is unselfish. Altruism is dead. Everything I do is for the purpose of achieving some kind of end for myself. That’s the belief. For example, if I give to charity, psychological egoism says that I did not do it because I’m unselfish (though it appears so), but because I truly am selfish; I gave to charity only because it gives me a good feeling about what I did. If I buy a homeless man a meal, I did it not for the purpose of meeting his need, but for the purpose of making my heart pump full of satisfaction in myself. And so, in the end, it’s all about me.
Here’s where it ties into the second belief, called Psychological Hedonism. Hedonism is the lifestyle that pursues pleasure as the highest virtue. So Psychological Hedonism is when a person only lives and acts in the way that grants them the greatest pleasure and/or the least pain. Every situation we come across has both Pleasure and Pain on a polar continuum:
Pain <<<———————————|———————————->>> Pleasure
In every situation, we evaluate whether or not a certain course of action will result in more Pleasure or more Pain. Inevitably, says Psychological Hedonism, we choose what seems to us to be the more pleasurable road, without fail. So in the circumstance of buying a homeless man a meal, I might weigh the pain of losing money that is not being used for me against the pleasure of making myself feel like a real fine guy for buying the meal. And so if I think it’s more pleasurable to keep my money, I won’t buy him a sandwich. But if I think it’s more pleasurable to feel good about myself, I might just buy that sandwich for him.
Then there’s the third view that agrees with all of this, except that it isn’t impossible to choose pain or to choose to act in a way that isn’t going to maximize self-interest. This third belief is called Ethical Egoism – it basically sets forth that although not everyone does act out of self-interest all the time, everyone should.
So now I’m going to borrow bits and pieces.
From Psychological Egoism, I will borrow the principle that we cannot act unless it is out of self-interest. However, I will also borrow Ethical Egoism’s assertion that we can act beyond our self-interest. NOTE: These seem to contradict, but don’t have to. I’ll also borrow Psychological Hedonism’s idea that we will always choose the greater pleasure.
Here we go.
Acting out of self-interest isn’t always pride, but it certainly has the propensity to move in that direction. When we meet our needs, it is in the interest of continuing our lives. This isn’t wrong or sinful by any stretch. We were created with needs. But it transforms into pride, a sort of exaltation of self as most important, when we place our needs and wants as first and foremost above all others. It becomes pride when we place our own value, and therefore also our desires for pleasure above pain, as more worthy than others’ and, if we have the power to do so and feel it is necessary, we will pursue that pleasure at the expense of those around us. For example, a certain woman wants the attention of a man she’s attracted to. But the man seems to be ‘involved’ with someone else. There are several factors that play into the outcome. She may:
1. Tell a lie or an unfavorable truth about her competition, the second woman, in order to bring into question the desire to pursue her for the man. However, she runs the risk that man might be repelled by her conduct if he found out. She will do this anyway if the risk is low enough that her means wouldn’t spoil her prize.
2. Not do much and let things play out as they will. In this case, she may take greater pleasure in having noble character than in winning the man by foul play. And yet, she is taking the risk of experiencing the significant pain of rejection.
3. Convince herself that she doesn’t desire the man’s affection anyway, and she will boost her own self-concept as higher than that of both her competition and her desire. She will take pleasure in believing she is meant for someone far better.
Essentially, this is risk evaluation. And because we can’t know the future, we weigh what we believe will be probable or improbable degrees of pain or pleasure, and if the prize is greater than the risk, we will choose that option. There is a great deal of this in the world. We seek our own benefit. We ensure that we get as much pleasure as possible. But different people have differing ideas about what is pleasurable. One student does his homework and gets good grades, but lacks a healthy social life. Another student has an enormous social network, but lacks a decent GPA. The first student foregoes the immediate pleasure for a later one he believes will be greater. The second student indulges in the immediate and doesn’t see the option of a later and greater pleasure as legitimate. If at all possible, we will more than likely try to achieve both. We like to have our cake and eat it too. If we can have two cakes, that’s even better.
So there’s this whole pride thing and self-serving kind of living that we experience day in and day out. But there just has to be something more than that, right? We can’t be entirely selfish.
It’s true. We’re not entirely selfish.
But maybe we shouldn’t sigh with relief just yet. If we aren’t placing highest value on ourselves, what are we valuing? Take this example into consideration: Let’s say a soldier, in the heat of battle, throws himself onto an enemy grenade to save his fellow soldiers. We’re going to go two ways with this: 1) God is not in the picture, or 2) God is in the picture. In both cases, the ultimate existence of God is assumed; belief in Him is not.
~ 1. God is NOT in the picture ~
Such an act of camaraderie is incredible. It shows a genuine selflessness on the part of the sacrificial soldier. He put his fellow soldiers’ lives before his. And so the idea of acting solely on selfish pleasure is not a plausible option. If that soldier had a wife and kids at home, I’m sure the greater pleasure would be to return to them, and so, not to jump on the grenade. And if he believes there is no afterlife, then he truly acted selflessly because there would be no promise of heavenly treasure for his brave deed. His dying for those men displayed a very high value on them. So much for psychological egoism.
Unfortunately, if this is true, and if he doesn’t believe in God, then from a Christian’s perspective, he acted on a principle of idolization in that moment. If he wasn’t acting out of pride, he had to act out of idolatry for those men he saved.
In other words, he transferred highest value from himself on to them. Selfless, but still fallen.
The key word here is highest value. It’s superlative, meaning that it leaves no room for a higher value. So regardless of what we place our highest value on – whatever it might be – if it isn’t God, then it is idolatry. I wish there was a different word for it. But that’s what it is. So let’s take a look at the second option.
~ 2. God is in the picture. ~
If the soldier believes in God and believes in an afterlife, he is not able to escape the possibility that he saved his comrades out of selfish motives since there is a promise of treasures stored up in heaven. So unlike the man who doesn’t believe in God, it is possible that his act of bravery and sacrifice was selfish at heart and in motive. But let’s put that to the side for just a moment.
He gave his life up for his friends. With the right mindset, this would not be idolatry for the believing soldier, who would give high value to his fellow soldiers not because they have any intrinsic value in themselves, but because he understands that God values them, and so he must also. Knowing that the perfect God, who assigns value perfectly, values each man enough to die for them, it only makes sense for the Christian soldier to do the same.
Both options have special circumstances. But by and large, these are rules. So the first option eliminates self-serving motives (because of death), but guarantees idolatry. Then the second option leaves open the possibility of self-serving motives (because of life after death), but eliminates idolatry.
So what happens if we take the principle of the first option into everyday life? We find that death is the only reason why self-serving motives would be eliminated. And so, again working from the assumption that God exists, the unbelieving individual is unable to act beyond either pride or idolization. He either acts with himself as the Highest Being, or he erects something/someone else as Highest Being. There is no other choice.
The believing individual isn’t so easily let off the hook. I would say that every believing individual is caught in exactly the same predicament. Where the unbelieving individual may do good things because of his own self-interest, the believing individual may do the same in reminding himself that he will be richly rewarded in heaven for his good deeds here on earth, and so he might make that his motive. And where the unbelieving individual may value something other than himself as Highest Being, the believing individual may do the same in forgetting to regard God in His rightful place as Highest. The same fatalistic dichotomy faces both people. Except for one thing. The individual who puts his trust in God has the Holy Spirit, has God at work within him. This, and nothing else, changes the circumstances.
The Holy Spirit in me, alone, is able to make me capable of doing any good thing selflessly. And it is the Holy Spirit in me, alone, that is able to make me capable of creating/recognizing, and acting on, an accurate value hierarchy based solely on what God Himself values.
Let me put it this way: we don’t have a choice not to sin. We’re not capable. Hope that makes your skin crawl like it does mine. Because honestly, I’d like to think I’m capable of doing something right. But God is capable within me.
The only reason I have to believe I have the hope of doing anything but sin is His work within me. Otherwise, my only choice is between Pride and Idolization.
What makes God so great is that He is able to work real, genuine, authentic good through what would otherwise be sin. I make mistakes all the time. I sin all the time. I do all kinds of things that I know I shouldn’t do, and a ton of things I don’t even know I’m doing. And yet somehow, God takes my secretly self-serving act of charity and transforms it so that it actually blesses somebody. He takes the compliment that I didn’t actually mean when I said it, and metamorphoses it so that it actually speaks beauty into a downcast life. He takes my banal attitude towards taking communion on Sunday, and replaces it with a spirit that all-in-all is remembering with great fear and intense love the sacrifice that it cost His Son to make real communion with Him possible.
The amazing thing is exactly that: I am rendered impossibly helpless to redeem my own acts, to transform selfish motives into perfectly selfless ones. To metamorphose false words into authentically true ones. To replace vacant practices with substance-filled ones. Imagine that you have in your hands a sheet of white paper that needs to be white when it arrives in the hands of its intended recipient. And it is dripping with black ink. You can do no more to make your actions and motives pure and perfect again than you could to turn that ink-blotched paper back to white. But let’s say Someone takes your blackened sheet of paper and turns it clean and new en route to the recipient. All is good. Except He turns it green. It is a perfect green. A brilliant green. But it is not white. This is because even what we intended to do is not exactly what is needed to be. He knows better what the recipient needs.
And so he changes everything.
That’s my God.
I want to do my very best, I want to strive to have pure motives, to have right thoughts, to act selflessly, to live in such a way that something, anything, would be worthy of giving. But regardless of my efforts to do good or to not sin, it is Him in the end. And it is only Him. So I’ll pray for grace in every moment. I’ll live by faith that he’ll give it. And I’ll love out of the gratitude that I have for everything He does through and for me. I alone can do nothing. He in me can do anything.
O to grace how great a debtor
Daily I’m constrained to be
Let Thy goodness, like a fetter
Bind my wand’ring heart to Thee
Prone to wander, Lord I feel it
Prone to leave the God I love
Here’s my heart, Lord, take and seal it
Seal it for Thy courts above
- “Come Thou Fount (of Every Blessing)”